What's the difference between CSS Grid and Flexbox?

CSS Grid is designed for two-dimensional layouts (rows and columns), making it ideal for overall page layouts. Flexbox is designed for one-dimensional layouts (either rows or columns), perfect for aligning items within a container. Use Grid for main page structure and Flexbox for component-level alignment. They can be used together - Grid for the big picture, Flexbox for the details.

What are semantic HTML5 elements?

Semantic HTML5 elements clearly describe their meaning to both the browser and developer. They include , , , , , , and . Using semantic elements improves accessibility (screen readers understand page structure), SEO (search engines better understand content), and code maintainability. Always choose semantic elements over generic elements when appropriate.

What is the difference between let, const, and var?

var is function-scoped and can be redeclared, leading to potential issues. let is block-scoped and can be reassigned but not redeclared. const is block-scoped and cannot be reassigned or redeclared. Modern JavaScript best practice is to use const by default, let when you need to reassign a variable, and avoid var entirely. Both let and const are not hoisted like var.

What is web accessibility (a11y)?

Web accessibility ensures websites are usable by people with disabilities. This includes using semantic HTML, providing alt text for images, ensuring keyboard navigation, maintaining color contrast, using ARIA attributes, and testing with screen readers. Following WCAG (Web Content Accessibility Guidelines) helps create inclusive experiences. Accessible websites benefit all users and improve SEO.

What are Progressive Web Apps (PWAs)?

Progressive Web Apps are web applications that provide a native app-like experience. They work offline, can be installed on the home screen, send push notifications, and load quickly. Key technologies include Service Workers for offline functionality, Web App Manifest for installation, and HTTPS for security. PWAs combine the best of web and mobile apps, offering wide reach with app-like features.

What is the DOM and how does it work?

The Document Object Model (DOM) is a programming interface for HTML documents. It represents the page structure as a tree of nodes that can be manipulated with JavaScript. When you change the DOM, the browser updates the displayed page. Modern frameworks like Vue and React use a Virtual DOM - a JavaScript representation of the DOM - to optimize updates and improve performance by minimizing direct DOM manipulation.

What are RESTful APIs?

REST (Representational State Transfer) is an architectural style for designing networked applications. RESTful APIs use HTTP methods (GET, POST, PUT, DELETE) to perform CRUD operations on resources. They are stateless, use standard HTTP status codes, and often return JSON data. REST APIs are the standard way for front-end applications to communicate with back-end services.

How can I optimize website performance?

Website performance optimization includes: 1) Minimize HTTP requests by bundling files, 2) Optimize images (compress, use modern formats like WebP), 3) Use lazy loading for images and components, 4) Implement caching strategies, 5) Minify CSS and JavaScript, 6) Use a CDN for static assets, 7) Enable compression (gzip/brotli), 8) Reduce render-blocking resources, and 9) Monitor performance with tools like Lighthouse.

What is the difference between frontend and backend development?

Frontend development focuses on the client-side - what users see and interact with. It involves HTML, CSS, JavaScript, and frameworks like React, Vue, or Angular. Backend development handles server-side logic, databases, and APIs. It uses languages like Node.js, Python, Ruby, or Java, and databases like PostgreSQL or MongoDB. Full-stack developers work with both frontend and backend technologies.

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Web Development FAQs

Find answers to frequently asked questions about modern web development. Learn about HTML5, CSS3, JavaScript, responsive design, and web development best practices.

Responsive web design is an approach that makes websites adapt to different screen sizes and devices. It uses flexible grids, flexible images, and CSS media queries to ensure optimal viewing across desktops, tablets, and mobile phones. Key techniques include using relative units (%, em, rem), flexible grid layouts (CSS Grid, Flexbox), and breakpoints to adjust layouts based on screen width.

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